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Tropical Storm Frances (1998)
Tropical Storm Frances caused extensive flooding in Mexico and Texas in September 1998. The sixth tropical cyclone and sixth named storm of the annual hurricane season, Frances developed from a low pressure area in the Gulf of Mexico on September 8. The cyclone moved northward through the western Gulf of Mexico, making landfall across the central Texas coastline before recurving across the Midwest through southeast Canada and New England. A large tropical cyclone for the Atlantic Basin,〔Robert T. Merrill (1984). (A Comparison of Large and Small Tropical Cyclones. ) Monthly Weather Review. Retrieved on 2008-07-14.〕 yet an average sized system by western Pacific standards,〔David M. Roth (2008). (HPC’s role in providing Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Products. ) Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved on 2008-10-01.〕 the storm produced heavy rains across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Texas, western Louisiana and the Great Plains.
The interaction between developing Frances and Pacific Tropical Storm Javier produced torrential rainfall in southeastern Mexico, causing flooding that killed over 200 people and caused $63 million in damage. Coastal flooding overran the coasts of Louisiana and Texas, which worsened river flooding across the region. Federal disaster declarations were made for the states of Louisiana and Texas on September 23 for damage relating to this tropical cyclone. Damage totaled US$500 million (1998 dollars), mainly from flooding.〔Miles B. Lawrence (1998). (NHC Frances Report. ) National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2008-10-01.〕 There was one direct death and one indirect death associated with the tropical storm. Frances was the second tropical cyclone to hit Texas during the 1998 season, with Charley being the other.〔National Hurricane Center (2008). (Atlantic Hurricane Database. ) National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2008-10-01.〕
==Meteorological history==
Before the floods began, sea surface temperatures were above normal in the Bay of Campeche and tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. After Hurricane Earl developed and moved away from the region, a broad area of low pressure formed in the southwest Caribbean on September 4. It moved to the northwest and slowly organized in the Gulf of Mexico, although a series of tropical waves prevented rapid development.〔〔 By September 8, there was a large area of convection located over the western Gulf of Mexico. That day, the system developed into Tropical Depression Six while east-southeast of Brownsville, Texas. Initially, the depression was large, without a well-defined center of circulation. It more resembled a monsoon depression commonly seen in the Western Pacific Ocean and the Northern Indian Ocean. The depression drifted southward and strengthened into Tropical Storm Frances on September 9.〔
Frances turned to the northwest and strengthened with warm water temperatures of , weak vertical shear, and a large anticyclone aloft. Just before making landfall on Corpus Christi, Texas, the storm reached a peak of , and quickly weakened as it continued inland. Shortly after landfall, the storm executed a small loop before turning to the north and dissipating as a tropical cyclone on September 13.〔 The remnant low of Frances persisted another day, becoming a frontal wave over Iowa. This frontal wave moved across the Great Lakes and New England into the north Atlantic by the 16th.〔David M. Roth (2007). (Tropical Storm Frances – September 3–17, 1998. ) Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved on 2008-10-01.〕
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